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The “Frog Venous System Model” (Blister Series) by IBEX SCIENCES is a three-dimensional, vacuum-formed plastic relief model designed for zoology and comparative anatomy studies. [1, 2]
This lightweight “blister” format is specifically engineered to clearly display the complex network of veins that return deoxygenated blood back to an amphibian’s heart. It bypasses the need for traditional dissections by offering a permanent, highly detailed, color-coded visual aid. [1, 2]
The model captures the complete deoxygenated blood pathway, emphasizing the major components of the amphibian circulatory system: [1, 2]
1. The Sinus Venosus & Systemic Veins
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- Sinus Venosus: The model showcases this large, triangular collecting chamber positioned on the dorsal side of the heart, which receives all deoxygenated body blood before passing it into the right atrium. [1, 2]
- Precaval Veins (Anterior Venae Cavae): Two large veins draining the anterior regions of the frog. The relief shows their formation from three smaller branches: the external jugular (tongue/mouth), the innominate (brain/shoulder), and the subclavian (forelimb/muscles). [1, 2]
- Postcaval Vein (Posterior Vena Cava): A large, dark central vein running parallel to the dorsal aorta that gathers blood from the posterior organs via the renal, genital, and hepatic veins. [1, 2]
2. Specialized Portal Systems
The relief map clearly highlights the frog’s double-filtration capillary networks: [1]
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- Renal Portal System: Tracks blood from hind limbs (femoral/sciatic veins) passing through the kidneys for filtration before entering the postcaval vein. [1]
- Hepatic Portal System: Shows nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract channeled directly to the liver via the hepatic portal vein for processing. [1]
3. Pulmonary Veins
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